8.0 Digital Media Reader-Writers
Digital media reader-writers allow flash storage devices to be used as portable storage for computers as well as for uploading or downloading of pictures, music, and other data without requiring the original host device (such as a digital camera or MP3 player), and without any additional drain on its batteries.

Digital media reader-writers can enable the uploading and downloading of data at higher speeds than a host device is capable of supporting; for example, a USB readerwriter will be much faster than a host device (such as a digital camera) using a serial interface. If a host device does not support high-speed transfers, the faster readerwriters will significantly reduce the data transfer times.

Kingston markets a number of digital media reader-writers for the convenient attachment of flash storage devices to personal computers or notebooks.

For flash cards, Kingston recommends the flexible and convenient 4-in-1 (four form factors supported by a single reader-writer) units that can accommodate most of the flash card form factors available today and can be connected to any notebook with a PC Card Type II interface. Kingston also offers Hi-Speed USB 6-in-1 Flash media reader-writers for high-performance data transfers to systems supporting Hi-Speed USB 2.0.

9.0 CompactFlash to PC Card Adapters

Flash card adapters are convenient slip-in receiving frames that allow a CompactFlash card to be converted into an ATA PC Card (Type II) storage device.

Many notebooks and other devices supporting ATA Type II PC Cards also support CompactFlash cards when CF cards are inserted into a CF-ATA Flash card adapter.

10.0 Kingston DataPak PC Card Hard Drives

Kingston's DataPak™ is a removable, high-capacity PC Card Type II compliant hard disk drive. It is specifically designed for increased storage capacity and portability for today's popular portable computer systems and digital devices.

The DataPak features include:

· DataPak Three-Year Warranty: Kingston's line of DataPak storage solutions come with a three-year warranty from defects in material and workmanship. For details, see kingston.com/company/warranty.asp

· High-Performance: The DataPak is a miniature hard drive rotating at 3,990 RPM. It has advanced performance features, such as 256KB of cache and data look-ahead technology, built in.

· High Capacity: Up to 5 GB (5,000,000,000 bytes) of uncompressed storage capacity in a compact form-factor. Note that some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions and thus is not available for data storage.

· Operating Systems Compatibility: Compatible with PC and Macintosh operating systems. The DataPak also supports disk compression.

· Plug and Play Support: Kingston's DataPak supports plug and play. With plug and play technology and compatible computer operating systems, the DataPak can be inserted into a computer or a flash media reader and be quickly recognized and accessed by the computer.

· Device Compatibility: The DataPak is compatible with devices supporting PC Card Type II storage, including portable computers, digital cameras, and other devices.

· High Data Reliability: The Kingston DataPak has rated error specification of one (1) bit in 10,000,000,000,000 bits read (1 bit per 1013 bits read).

· Mean Time between Failures (MTBF): The DataPak MTBF is rated at over 300,000 hours.

· Low Power Consumption: The DataPak consumes only 1.7W of battery power during read/write cycles and only 0.5W in idle mode.

11.0 For More Information:
For additional information on Kingston products, please visit us at: kingston.com/digitalmedia.

Appendix: USB Performance
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is emerging as the preferred interface to connect digital media reader-writers to computers.

The latest USB specification is USB 2.0. The older specification was USB 1.1. The USB 2.0 specification includes the USB 1.1 speeds for backward-compatibility reasons.

To understand what affects a flash card's performance, the following factors need to be considered:

Flash Memory Chip Technology Single-Level Cell (SLC) vs. Multi- Level Cell (MLC) and Multi-Bit Cell (MBC)	In general, flash storage devices built with Single-Level Cell (SLC) NAND Flash, such as Kingston's Elite Pro Flash cards or the Hi-Speed USB DataTraveler 2.0, will deliver higher performance than the standard Multi-Level Cell (MLC) NAND Flash or Multi-Bit Cell (MBC) NAND Flash based cards or DataTraveler. Standard flash cards or the DataTraveler USB flash drives deliver the best price/performance value for most users of digital cameras, PDAs, mobile phones, and other electronic devices. Elite Pro flash cards or Data Traveler 2.0 USB flash drives will deliver faster reads and writes, ideal for advanced users, photography professionals, and enthusiasts. Of course, to achieve the performance benefit of faster flash cards or USB flash drives, users must have compatible high-speed devices and properly configured computers. Some digital cameras and other devices require SLC NAND flash based highperformance flash cards for proper functionality.
Host Consumer Devices Digital cameras, mobile phones, PDAs and other devices	The built-in controller interfacing with flash cards or USB flash drives in many consumer devices may have limited bandwidth. Please consult your user manual or contact the device manufacturer for specifics. All else being equal, the achievable performance level will be the minimum data transfer level supported by the host controller or the flash card or USB flash drive.
· Connecting flash cards to computers through 4-in-1, 6-in-1 media reader-writers · Connecting USB flash drives directly to a computer's USB slot	The USB 2.0 specification also includes the older USB 1.1 specification for backward-compatibility reasons. USB Flash Drives and Digital Media Reader-Writers require the following logos to indicate performance levels: USB logo: transfers data at a maximum of 12 megabits per second (12 Mb/s or 1.5 MB/s). It is also referred to as Original USB or USB 1.1, and is also compatible with USB 2.0 Full-Speed (with a maximum speed of 12 Mb/s or 1.5 MB/s). Hi-Speed USB logo: transfers data at a maximum of 480 megabits per second (480 Mb/s or 60 MB/s). It is also called USB 2.0 Hi-Speed. Hi-Speed USB is up to 40X faster than USB and fully backward-compatible with USB through its USB 2.0 Full-Speed mode (with a maximum speed of 12 Mb/s or 1.5MB/s). If both the digital media card reader/writer and computer properly support Hi-Speed USB, Kingston's High Performance Elite Pro flash cards will deliver greater performance over standard flash cards. Similarly, Kingston's DataTraveler 2.0 will deliver higher performance on a computer supporting Hi- Speed USB transfers.

Please note: Some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions and thus is not available for data storage.

For more information, please consult Kingston's Digital Media Guide at kingston.com/Digital_Media_Guide.