Lighting

Front lighting would have reduced this architectural detail shot to an uninspiring, two-dimensional flop. Strong sidelighting accents the curves and planes, adding depth and interest.

Today, however, with contemporary cameras offering fast optics, various programmed metering schemes and auto fill flash, coupled with fast, sharp films, there's simply little excuse, other than lack of awareness, for dull pictures due to flat lighting.

There are, of course, unavoidable circumstances (e.g., guided tours) over which you have no control, such as tourist attractions encountered at an unflattering time of day, when you have no time or viewpoint options. Another seemingly "total loss" situation in terms of interesting lighting is the occasional cloudy or foggy day. But, as you will see, while these circumstances present unique challenges of their own, they often have their own set of creative lighting solutions. The key is awareness.

Flat Light, Flat Picture
So let's analyze the flat, bright-sun, front-lit photograph. Why is it unexciting? What does it lack? If you've ever studied the great photographs of the great photographers and the lighting that contributed to that greatness, you will realize that three elements are almost always necessary: highlights, mid tones, and shadows. It is this tonal range, or contrast, that provides form, texture, and depth to the mechanically two-dimensional slide or print. Even high-key and low-key photos, if competently exposed and printed, will exhibit a white and a black in addition to the mid tones, even if represented by only a tiny area of the image, such as (in the case of a portrait) a highlight in the eye or a dark piece of jewelry. Whether you are consciously aware of it or not, your eye will pick up that small area and recognize it as the required balancing element.

Don't waste any time when you spot perfect texture-enhancing sidelight such as this; a couple of minutes later, this ornate building number was totally in shadow.

The Shadow Knows
The element missing from the front-lit scene, then, is shadows. There may be one or more black objects in the scene, which can help in terms of subject contrast (as opposed to lighting contrast), but this isn't the same as having shadows present. Shadows, created by a progressive absence of light, define form. A front-lit black object has no more form than a front-lit object of any other color.

You therefore need to be as aware of shadows as you are of light when assessing the photographic possibilities of a scene; after all, light and shadow are equal partners in the world of photography. A major step upward on this learning curve is to shed your lighting awareness "blinders." This means not becoming so mesmerized by intriguing new vistas, whether landscape or cityscape, that you are oblivious to other, alternatively illuminated, related subjects that exist all around you in every direction. As you look around 360 degrees, unless you're standing in a pancake-flat landscape at high noon, the lighting direction changes. This provides the opportunity of capturing a variety of kindred photos to achieve a more in-depth coverage of a locale or subject.

The brilliantly backlit foliage growing in the doorway of an abandoned building in a Montana ghost town adds a touch of warmth to this study in nostalgic isolation.

Not only should you strive to seek varied subject/lighting candidates all about you, you should also try to recognize compositions requiring a variety of lens focal lengths. By telling your photographic story in long, medium, and close-up croppings, combined with differing lighting directions, you will maintain your viewers' interest in the manner favored by major travel-oriented publications. In every instance, though, each photo of the series needs to stand on its own as a successful image; merely turning 90 degrees between each of four wide angle shots won't do it--you have to always be seeing a location, not just covering it.

Subjects illuminated by extreme sidelighting require fast action on your part. Don't waste time looking for something "better." By the time you decide there isn't anything better, the sun may well have moved on, leaving the subject either entirely in shadow, or in increasingly more open frontal lighting, depending on the sun's direction of travel in relation to your subject. Zoom lenses are a plus here, as they avoid time wasted looking for and changing lenses.

Exposure Considerations
In the same vein, you need to be familiar with proper exposure technique under side and backlighting conditions. In the earlier instance, time spent scratching your head in uncertainty, or wasted taking umpteen spot readings, will, often as not, result in a missed shot. This is not the time to have to be hunting through a 90-page camera instruction book. Modern SLRs with segmented ("matrix") metering schemes generally deal pretty well with sidelighting. A little experience with a particular camera will demonstrate whether the meter pattern is habitually right-on, a bit over, or a bit under. If consistently over or under (seldom more than 1/2 f/stop), simply enter the required correction on the camera's exposure compensation dial. In any event, a narrow (1/2 f/stop for slides, 1 f/stop for negative films) bracketed frame or two is good insurance.

The last fleeting kiss of sidelighting accentuated the raised lettering on this vintage streetcar trolley catcher.

Backlighting is a bit more tricky. The possible variables are greater and can have a greater effect on the final photograph. While experience (and some note-taking at the novice stage) is the best teacher, here's the basic decision you have to make and then execute technically with your camera: how light or dark do you want the shadow side (the side you're shooting into) of your subject to be in relation to the (usually) much brighter surrounding background area? This gets even more ticklish if the source of the backlighting (e.g., the sun) is actually in the image frame/metering field. Fortunately, with most backlit situations, the light source is either out of the image area, or obscured by the subject.

Relative close-ups can be handled nicely via built-in, TTL fill flash. For longer shots, it will depend on how important the bright surround area is. If it is of little consequence, meter just the shadow area; my "insurance" brackets in this case would be 1/2 and 1 f/stop under (with slide film) the metered first shot. If the bright area needs to remain reasonably detailed, then take an averaging reading of a 50/50 bright/shadow mix; my insurance brackets here would be 1/2 and 1 f/stop over the initial metered frame. In practice, this is much simpler and quicker than this narrative would indicate. With a little experience, your response will become nearly automatic. Besides, you generally have considerably more time to deal with backlit situations.

If you find yourself with no meter, a dead meter, or simply no time to use one, the outdoor rule of thumb for side and backlighting is to open up one stop for sidelighting (over the correct exposure for a front-lit scene), and two stops for backlighting. The "sunny-16" rule (f/16 with your film's ISO rating as the shutter speed, under bright sun conditions) will get you close to a front-lit exposure combo. Time permitting, bracket as experience dictates.

To Photograph Or Not€
Inevitably, you will be confronted with blandly front-lit scenes that present only two choices: take the picture or forget it. Regardless, take the picture anyway. You may plan on returning, but plans change, and any picture is better than no picture, especially on a once-in-a-lifetime vacation. Even so, there are often ways to improve the shot. Look for nearby darker, shaded objects to frame the bleakly-lit scene. These can be trees, shrubbery, lampposts, cars, window frames and other elements of buildings, even fellow tourists (from the back, thrown out of focus via a large aperture or longer lens). Executed with a bit of flair and imagination, this device can add depth and go quite a ways toward salvaging an otherwise marginal picture.

This treatment works well on cloudy or foggy days, too. While overcast lighting is flat, all but the most leaden conditions still offer subtle modeling of shapes. Including the shadowed back side of foreground portico columns, for instance, adds a touch of the third dimension to an otherwise monochromatically lit scene beyond.

So next time you're traveling, camera in hand, I hope you'll look at new places with an eye toward depicting them in the most interesting light. By maintaining a constant vigilance to the lighting possibilities all around you and in every direction, you will find that your ability to construct an entertaining visual essay of any photo/travel outing will grow by leaps and bounds. Indeed, when you experience the difference expressive lighting can make, your first priority as you preview a scene through your viewfinder will be--"anything but front light!"

Quick Guide To Travel Lighting Awareness

• Always be alert to more interesting alternatives to flat front lighting.
• Constantly check in all directions for fleeting side and backlighting opportunities.
• Be aware of the difference between subject contrast and lighting contrast.
• When a front-lit main subject is unavoidable, look for nearby darker objects to frame the scene.
• Use smaller side or backlit areas within or adjacent to an overall front-lit scene as detail shots.
• Work quickly with extremely sidelit subjects, as the effect will fade momentarily.
• Practice your exposure technique for side and backlighting; when in doubt, bracket.