MegaVision S3 PRO

Apples And Oranges
So how do you separate the hype from the hardware, the fluff from the facts? There are several variables that come to play when looking to purchase professional digital equipment. The very first and most obvious consideration is application.

In the digital arena, there is a distinct difference between shooting moving and still objects. Still photography has the advantage in the digital arena, because it allows the capture device to capture or scan the medium three times (or four)--once (or more) for each color channel (RGB) providing uninterpolated (true) color resolution and large file sizes. Usually, comparing specs on scanning or multi-shot digital devices is based on numbers (file size), but there are three other important variables, namely the quality of the optics, the quality of the image sensor (which we will get into later), and the functionality of the proprietary software. Other important considerations that affect functionality rather than quality are speed and the device's compatibility with the studio's existing lighting, camera, and computer equipment. However, both of these technologies (scan and multi-shot) are limited to inanimate/still photography.

Shooting moving objects with digital equipment for color output provides an entirely different set of problems because of the inherent nature of digital imaging sensors--they are monochromatic. Therefore, capturing digital images in color adds a dimension beyond the sensors to the process, which has been approached with a variety of innovative solutions. Before we get to that however, let's back up for a moment and examine the differences between imaging sensors.

The two primary types of imaging chips on the market today are CCD (Charged Couple Device) and CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductors). Both are based on photons displacing electrons as light hits the diodes. Like horsepower for cars and megahertz for computers, file size is usually the first criteria to use when determining quality capabilities. But file size can be confusing, and doesn't always tell the whole story--most one-shot digital cameras have a raw uninterpolated file size, and then a finished file size that's inflated by a factor of three after interpolating to fill in the missing colors.

To determine a camera's file size capabilities: multiply the number of (x) pixels by the number of (y) pixels by the number of color channels (in a one-shot camera using a CCD with a mosaic of filters, that's only one color channel), by the number of bytes per datum. Then divide the answer by 1,048,576 (the number of bytes in a megabyte), and you will have the cameras potential true uninterpolated file size. If, for example, you were using a BetterLight 6000, the pixel configuration is 8000x6000 or 8000 pixels in one direction and 6000 pixels in the other direction. Multiply that by three color channels (RGB), and by one byte per datum (because 8 bits or less per channel equals one byte per datum--24-bit RGB in this scenario), while 2 bytes per datum would be for more than 8 bits per channel (up to 16 bits per channel).

So the equation would look something like this: 8000x6000x3x1 =144,000,000 bytes divided by 1,048,576, which equals 137.3MB.

It's hard to compare cameras by pixels when you've got two vendors claiming the same pixel resolution --within a very different price range. Once you know how to calculate a camera's file size, it becomes a lot easier to compare apples to apples and oranges to oranges.

LightPhase Phase One

SNR (Signal To Noise Ratio)
But wait a minute, it's not just a matter of how many electrons you can capture. It's also an issue of how many of those electrons have captured usable information, commonly referred to as Signal to Noise Ratio, or SNR. While CMOS chips are less expensive to produce, historically they have been dramatically inferior because of their significantly lower SNR. Take for example, the 12 micron-pixel, Phillips CCD chip found in many professional 6 megapixel cameras, including MegaVision's S3 and Phase One's Light Phase. This chip offers a very high SNR of 4000:1. In contrast, just a year ago, high-end CMOS chips had SNRs of 1000:1. CMOS quality is improving and Leaf just released its new Cantare with a vastly improved 3000:1 SNR CMOS chip.

"Quality is really a function of signal to noise, and the lens' optical quality," said Richard Chang, technical representative at MegaVision. "Noise is like a film's base fog. It does count as density, but it is non-resolving density and it cannot be used to render transition of tone. It's called noise because it is grainy. We generally think that's a bad thing in a picture."

For whatever reason, advertisers rarely offer pixel size in their product information--despite the fact that it has a direct effect on quality. (It is also a crucial element that separates the low-end prosumer camera from the professional camera.) While both may offer 4 or 6 megapixels, the pixels are not the same size. "Pixel size is fundamentally an aperture," said Chang. "An aperture of f/2.8 gathers more light in a given amount of time than f/8. On the same note, a 12 micron Philips gathers more light than a 5.7 micron Foveon."

This represents four times the surface area of the Foveon chip, so, it would seem that there is a two-stop advantage for camera's employing the Philips chip. Not so, offered Richard Lyon, Chief Scientist at Foveon, Inc. "Foveon uses three highly-evolved CMOS chips--specified at 10 stops dynamic range, equivalent to what you're calling 1000:1 SNR," explained Lyon. "The total surface area of the three Foveon chips is three times the single pixel area and samples all three colors at every point, which gives the images freedom from moir patterns as well as more noise tolerance by not having to undergo any interpolation.

"The difference between the Philips and the Foveon is only 1/3 of a stop in effective ISO rating--40 for the Foveon and 50 for the Phillips CCD. Both sensors contain enough dynamic range to allow for 'pushing' the chip for a higher effective ISO with slight quality loss, as the image gets closer to the noise floor. This loss may not be visible until extreme print enlargement."

Nikon CoolPix 990

Pixel Size Does Count
Pixel size also matters, specifically when relating to the size of the lens in the camera's design. In consumer/ prosumer cameras, the size of the optic necessary to guide light onto a smaller sensor is more appropriate in terms of size, and weight (handling for the user). And even more importantly, a smaller sensor is a much less expensive sensor.

Pixel size also has an effect on full-well capacity of a pixel. Full-well capacity is the term used to indicate the number of electrons a pixel-well will hold before it saturates (spills over into the next well--known as blooming) or must be flushed. In the newer chips, hardware blooming control flushes all the electrons down a vertical or lateral drain before it can spill over and cause problems. Not all pixels efficiently hold electrons and different manufacturers generate different capacities in their fabrication process. "It's a little like horsepower to a car manufacturer," added Chang. "It is relative to efficiency, and ultimately performance. Full-well capacity is not the end all, though, because fine pictures can be made with smaller well capacities (the Loral 2K for instance)." So what do you go by? "I'll almost always take more capacity when counting electrons, if I can get it," advised Chang.

Pixel size generally is market specific. Based on the picture qualities needed to successfully compete, a camera maker will spec a chip with the proper spatial resolution/file size, image area, and ability to read-out the chip quickly, which dictates how fast you can shoot without too much noise generation. Then there's also the ability of the fabrication to supply sufficient quantities, and of course very important to both the consumer and professional market--price.

Another significant difference between high-end cameras and prosumer/consumer is that professional cameras do not compress. Consumer and prosumer cameras compress, because of the cost of the storage media. "There really isn't a compelling reason to compress if you don't have to," said Chang. "Compressing a single pass capture will almost always be a compromise. Plus, the capture of a compressed image means a density remap has already been applied to the image. At MegaVision, we don't apply the remap until later. This allows picking and choosing the remap for best effect, rather than being stuck with a single remap (developing)."

"Foveon follows a similar strategy with its FoveonLab and Foveon-Auto processing programs," said Lyon. "In that way the raw data is never compressed."

BetterLight Camera Backs

Now€Back To Rex
And that brings us back to Joe McNally and his Nikon CoolPix 990. The CoolPix 990 with its 3.34 megapixel (2048x1536) image sensor is an excellent contender in its (prosumer) price and resolution group. Pixels are only 4 microns compared to most professional image sensors that are 10 microns and up. While file size does limit McNally's large format quality capabilities, the small pixel size in this camera works well with the optics. "If the pixels get smaller than the lens' ability to resolve line pairs per millimeter, color aliasing is reduced or eliminated for some scenes," said Chang. "And that also makes luminance moir a non-issue," added photographer and industry writer Claude Jodoin. "If the pixels are smaller (and sharper) than what can be resolved by the lens, then you are in effect using the lens as an anti-aliasing filter. That is one of the concepts Foveon is relying on, with its 5.7-micron pitch chip. It works very well in making a moir-free camera. You then can apply whatever sharpness you need for the application after the fact."

Be assured that we are not trying to minimize the Times Square dino effort. In fact, McNally's image composed of a single Nikon CoolPix 990 digital file is most likely the largest single digital image in the world to date. The final image was a whopping 65x43', printed on five panels of Noir Mesh media that combined to measure 75x46' and weighed 350 lbs, all from McNally's little 10MB file that was scaled up to 237MB using Altamira's Genuine Frac-tals technology.

Does this magical potion negate the math that proves where quality is concerned file size is king? Not really. Genuine Fractals is an Adobe Photoshop plug-in designed to let graphic designers, photographers, and others in the imaging field work with medium-size files and still produce high-resolution output. The software works by encoding RGB images as SNR files, either by lossless encoding, which produces an encoded file of approximately 2:1 compression and renders the image exactly when opened at 100 percent; or near lossless encoding, which produces a file of typically around 5:1 compression, yet still enables you to render an image well beyond 100 percent with excellent quality. So why worry about file size at all?

"Because you can't add information that is not already there," Glenn Martin, industry writer/photographer and lead dog at Digital Outback told me. "If you want, you can enlarge a 35mm color negative and put it on the side of a building, and it will look great from two miles away. It's the same thing. GF will not add shadow information that is not already there, or increase the dynamic range," he added. "I use GF, and think it's a great product, but I wouldn't advocate that professional graphics people do original image capture under 15MB for large format output, because you're just not capturing enough information."

Armed with this information, let's take a serious look at what the high-end pro-digital camera manufacturers are up to. You'll notice that while there is some relatively new equipment on the market, many vendors are upgrading software and adding new adapters to make their lines of equipment as versatile as possible, as well as adding options to take equipment on the road.

We won't be covering professional digital SLRs, such as the Canon D30, Nikon D1, and the Kodak DCS series (although the same concepts apply). Rather, we'll be focusing primarily on very high-end digital camera backs designed for very large file sizes, primarily for still photography in studio environments.

Better Light And Dicomed
Better Light recently introduced enhanced resolution for its 6K and 8K Super models, as well as an upgraded version of its software. The Better Light 6000 camera back offers 137MB RGB, 24-bit files (8000 x6000 pixels) without the enhanced resolution option. With this option it can record 309MB 24-bit files (12,000x 9000 pixels). The Super 8K, which provides a whopping 244MB (10,660x8000 pixels) files at the 100 percent resolution setting, now maxes out at 549MB (15,990x 12,000 pixels). "Since we are utilizing a linear interpolation of the original CCD pixel data," said Michael Collette, founder and CEO of Better Light, "the resulting images will have more detail than is the result from resampling a smaller file in Photoshop to the same pixel dimensions. In the worst case, with this technique we are using data from two pure pixels to create three pixels."

Better Light also added some thoughtful improvements to its software when it introduced ViewFinder 5.0, at the end of last year. "We went from a standard and somewhat limiting software to the best RGB capture software on the market," said Collette. "ViewFinder 5.0 offers a larger, more compact, and comprehensive preview area--with no more little windows all over the screen, and a much faster initial pre-scan."

The ISO is variable, within 1/10 f/stop, and 5.0 offers real-time updating of raw file information, including full dynamic range and raw bit depth. Color management takes place before digitization--and you can control the files to open in your application of choice. A new focusing tool allows you to optimize focusing, because the software allows you to focus individually on each color channel. On another note, Collette, who is also the original developer of the technology used in Dicomed scan backs, recently announced that Better Light will be providing ongoing support, repair service, and replacement parts for all digital scanning camera back models manufactured by Dicomed Inc.

Dicomed began experiencing financial difficulties in early 1999 that ultimately resulted in the closing of most of the company's operations. Better Light will be offering the new ViewFinder 5.0 interface to Dicomed owners, providing the equipment had a factory-installed firmware upgrade.
Better Light cameras are distributed exclusively by Calumet Digital Solutions.

Foveon Inc.
Foveon Inc., the darling of Silicon Valley, who entered the photography market only three years ago has been very busy. Not only did they introduce a 16 megapixel CMOS image sensor late last year, but they unveiled the latest version of their innovative (one of a kind) three chip CMOS camera at photokina last fall, shipped a few in December, and began volume deliveries in February.

Developed in conjunction with Swedish camera manufacturer Victor Hasselblad AB, the Foveon II uses the same prism-based capture system (capturing each color channel simultaneously on three chips) as its predecessor. The Foveon II uses a 2048x2048x3 sensor assembly (three CMOS sensors with a color separation prism for 12 million total pixel sensors), and stores a little over one byte per color measurement, for a 17MB raw file.

The Foveon II also features a fast IEEE 1394 (FireWire) interface for delivering both live color video preview and high-resolution captured images to the user's Windows-based computer screen. The live video preview offers the photographer the opportunity to accurately frame and compose before the image is taken. Once capture is complete, images can be examined at 100 percent using Foveon's image review loupe to ensure that the image is in focus and no artifacts have occurred.

Foveon's proprietary software, FoveonAuto automatically processes images to either TIFF or JPEG format while the photographer is still shooting. The software is also designed to make contrast, exposure, and color adjustments based on settings entered by the photographer.

The MSRP is $23,900 with volume discounts available.

Fuji Photo Film U.S.A.
The Luma Digital Camera Back, manufactured to Fujifilm specifications by Mosaic Imaging (formerly the Digital Camera Division of Sienna Imaging, Inc.), is a 4.9 megapixel back designed for use with the Fujifilm GX680III Professional Camera System. It features a 3.6x2.4cm CCD array with 3072x2048 pixel resolution and 12 f/stops of dynamic range, using 14 bits of data per color channel. This one-shot system can fire a high-res frame every 1.5 sec and is compatible with standard studio lighting. ISO is 25, programmable to 200. For convenience the Luma is hot pluggable for connectivity to any FireWire capable desktop or portable Apple computer. For more information, go to www.fujifilm.com.

imacon

Imacon Inc.
Imacon, best known for its very high-end FlexTight scanners recently acquired the Danish company, Color Crisp and launched into the high-end digital camera market. The recently released Imacon FlexFrame 3020 camera back is another one of those dual format backs that offers total digital functionality, with three different capture modes including single-shot, multi-shot, and micro-scan. This 3000x2000 pixel digital camera back provides 16-bit, 18MB interpolated files in single-shot mode and 16 bit, 18-72MB non-interpolated files in multi-shot and scan modes. According to the company, the back's aluminum housing offers a no-noise architecture, and the back is controlled with a 10 meter flexible FireWire cable. The back is designed for most professional medium format cameras, as well as most large format view cameras.

The MSRP for this camera is $19,995.

MegaVision PhotoShoot 3.5

Jenoptik Laser, Optik Systeme
There are several hybrid digital cameras on the market, and Jenoptik's new eyelike MF, the successor to the eyelike DCS by Jenoptik Laser, in Munich, Germany, is one of them. The MF is a dual-format camera offering one-shot, multi-shot, and scanning capabilities in the same digital back. Using single-shot mode the MF employs a 6.3 megapixel CCD to capture 48-bit RGB, 36MB files. The multi-shot mode captures 48-bit true color information by exposing the subject four times--at different sensor positions. The four shots let them put the red and blue sensors into each position within the 2x2 repeating mosaic unit.

In the eyelike MF's scan mode, the sensor captures 16 single exposures. This rather clever but difficult multi-shot approach puts the red and blue into each of 16 positions in the 4x4 block of half-pixel positions; the two greens in each block simply provide duplicated data, which can be averaged in for a better picture. It provides 25.1 megapixels in a 48-bit RGB, 142MB file--in about half a minute. Like several of its competitors, the eyelike MF is designed to work with most medium and large format camera systems. In fact, you can buy several adapters and use the MF with your choice of equipment for the given application.

For mobility, the company also recently added a mobile kit (eyelike to go) to its line. The "eyelike to go" is a small box the size of a videotape that holds a rechargeable battery and combines the advantages of fiber-optic systems with FireWire technology. For location work, it's a matter of using the FireWire connection with a PowerMacintosh, Power-Book, or Cube--rather than the PCI board connected to the PowerMac in the studio.

Eyelike's proprietary software features include full-frame, live image with zoom for use with one-shot mode, as well as scan. The system also offers color profiles designed for a variety of illumination situations, ICC profile embedding, and intelligent color management.

Phase One

Jobo Fototechnic Inc.
While Jobo is widely known for its long history of traditional tabletop processing equipment and may seem like an unlikely fit as a digital camera broker, the opposite holds true. "That's where the market is going," says Hall. "And because we have a reputation for world class equipment and service, we are being pulled into it."

Jobo entered the digital arena just a little over a year ago, when they introduced two digital backs that made a splash in the imaging industry. Today Jobo has several models available with single, multi, and scanning capabilities.

For capturing moving or still photography, the proFile 4000 functions as both a single or multi-shot 4 megapixel back; the proFile 6000s is a single-shot 6 megapixel back; and the proFile 6000 offers both single or multi-shot 6 megapixel capture. Both the 4000 and the 6000s can be upgraded to the proFile 6000. Via an adapter, proFile backs are available for several popular medium format cameras, including the Fuji GX680, Mamiya 645 PRO and RZ67 PRO II, and Hasselblad 553ELX and 503CW.

Prices for the proFile digital backs range from $4,199.95 to $27,990 with adapters priced at $995.

Jobo also offers two digital scanning backs for large format (4x5) cameras. With possibly the highest resolution on the market, the proScan 10500 generates 394MB (24-bit RGB) 13,100x10,500 files for $24,990. Its slightly smaller sibling, the imageScan 8000 offers 10,500x8000 pixel resolution and generates 240MB (24-bit RGB files). Suggested list price for the 8000 is $19,995.

Kodak Professional
The Kodak Professional DCS Pro Back, introduced at photokina last year, will be available in April. This one-shot digital back offers an unprecedented 16-megapixel CCD sensor, designed to produce 48MB files. [Note: Foveon Inc., also introduced a 16-megapixel CMOS sensor at the same exhibition, but it was in the form of a prototype, and there is currently no working digital camera available employing that chip.]

The back operates in untethered environments and is compatible with the Hasselblad 555ELD and the Mamiya RZ film cameras, although according to Kodak, "it will eventually have interfaces for a wide range of medium and large format camera systems."

The back is targeted at commercial location, tabletop, and high-end portraiture applications and comes bundled with Kodak Professional DCS Capture Studio Software Version 1.5 for capturing and editing the digital images. The back also sports an LCD screen with full 90 movement for one-handed waist-level operation. The DCS Pro Back can also perform 1:1 zoom and pan functions with video review capability for high angle or other difficult camera placements.

The DCS Pro Back offers an ISO equivalent of 100, and can capture an image every 2 sec, and store up to eight images prior to writing to either internal PC cards or a host computer via a FireWire connection. Cost of the Kodak Pro Back is $19,995.

Leaf America
CreoScitex, a division of Creo Products Inc., (no longer distributed by Sinar) has rounded off its line of digital camera backs by adding both a multifunctional CCD back (the Cantare XY) and a CMOS digital camera back to its line of professional capture devices. Previous models by the company include the Leaf Volare, a three exposure or single-shot black and white back using a 3072x2048 pixel monochrome CCD array; and the Leaf Cantare, a single-shot color and black and white back, using a color 3072x2048 pixel CCD array.

The new Leaf Cantare XY offers multi-shot and single-shot capabilities with its color 3072x2048 pixel CCD array. While the Leaf Volare captures complete color information via its three shots (one for each RGB channel), and captures 18 million pixels without any interpolation, the Leaf Cantare captures all three colors in a single exposure and the six million original pixels are interpolated into an 18 million pixel HDR file.

The new Leaf Cantare XY employs their three-color mosaic CCD technology with the Leaf XY Weave technology, providing a choice of one, two, and three shot modes. While the use of one-shot mode (for movement), and multi (three and four) shots to provide additional color information for still photography makes sense, adding a two-shot feature seemed confusing. While the (patent pending) two-shot mode is designed to double the resolution of the image, why not triple it, using the three-shot mode, especially since the added exposure already makes it impossible to capture moving images. Also new, the Leaf C-Most digital back, sports a 6.6 megapixel CMOS sensor. According to Leaf, the back is designed for optimum user friendliness for photographers making the move to digital, with an 11 f/stop dynamic range and 14 bits of color for each color channel. The back shoots at a fast 3 fps and provides 10 fps video frame rate with its built-in electronic shutter.

The back works as a stand-alone, or with Sinar View Cameras; Hasselblad EL Series, 503CW, 205FCC; Mamiya RB67, RZ67, 645Pro; Fuji GX 680II, III; Contax 645 AF; and Bronica ETRS. The C-Most should be available by mid-summer.

MegaVision Inc.
MegaVision recently introduced a complete "plug-and-shoot" digital workstation for photographers looking for one-shot digital capture combined with a PC compatible computer. The system includes a Windows 2000 PC computer (700 MHz processor), a CD reader/writer, 17" monitor, Epson 880 ink jet printer, and the S242 6x7cm format digital back (2400x2000 pixels) that is compatible with most of the popular medium format camera systems. Combined, this package takes the photographer from capture to proof and archive, via paper proof or CD.

System software includes Mega-Vision's new PhotoShoot Lite image capture and processing software for Windows 2000, as well as ColorVision monitor/ printer calibration hardware and software as the workstation's ICC-compliant color management component. PhotoShoot Lite allows the photographer to shoot directly to disk, or rapid capture to buffer, with or without a saved back-up. The software also offers batch processing, automatic cropping, tone curve control, 8 to 16-bit CMYK export, and includes Mega-Vision's unique Color Coded Light Metering feature.

Previously introduced by MegaVision is the S3 Pro digital--one of the first professional digital cameras to offers a flexible ISO setting range with 100, 200, and 400 selections. The S3 is based on the Philips 3072x2048 chip, which offers a low SNR, high dynamic range, and hardware blooming control designed to work well in available light situations. Because the S3 was specifically designed for the portrait, wedding, and fashion markets, where portability is the name of the game, MegaVision also offers the BatPac. This portable storage device offers a CD-ROM operating system, rather than a spinning disk, which allows startup in as little as 2 sec.

MegaVision also recently released a new multi-shot back, the T32. This new back offers 3072x2048 pixels in 18-32MB (8-16 bits per color) file sizes. All large format cameras, including Cambo, Sinar, and Toyo support the back. Suggested retail price for the back is $22,900.

Phase One
Phase One's Light Phase made a splash in the pro-quality imaging pool a couple of years ago. Like several others they also recently introduced a software upgrade designed to keep its technology on the cutting edge.

The new software Version 2 for Macintosh, Windows 98 and 2000 offers enhancements to increase productivity such as a fast full resolution preview/focus tool, an instant preview of the built-in unsharp function, and extended file format supporting free naming of capture files. With the extended file format, the file will also contain the exposure time, ISO setting, and curves recorded during the original image capture. The new software also shortens review and capture times. For added flexibility, selectable ISO values and curves, as well as an adjustable gray balance has been integrated.

The company's two flagship products are the PowerPhase FX Scanning back and the PowerPhase Light Phase. The former, designed for flat art can capture up to a 1GB (64-bit CMYK) file, as well as 380MB (8-bit RGB) and 760MB (48-bit RGB) files.

The FX boasts the largest capture area of any digital camera at 8.4x10cm (3.3x4"). The reason the capture area is so large is because it is based on moving the whole chip, in effect tiling a capture within the image circle of a lens and taking multiple shots. The ISO is as high as 1600 and the backs 200-foot long IEEE1394 cable allows for scan times up to 240MB per minute. It is designed for use with most 4x5 view cameras.

The LightPhase is a one-shot camera back designed for use with most professional medium format cameras. The LightPhase offers 3000x2000 pixel resolution (6MB uninterpolated) and is capable of generating RGB file sizes of 18MB in 8 bits per color and 36MB in 16 bits. The camera offers a 48-bit internal data path with 14-bit analog to digital converter for optimum shadow and highlight details. The company purports that this provides a better contrast range than is possible with film. Light sensitivity is an ISO equivalent of 50 with exposure time possible up to 2 sec. The camera back also provides an 11 f/stop range.

Capture speeds are available up to 1.5 sec--limited only by the user's computer hardware. For shooting flexibility the LightPhase can be controlled by either the camera or the computer. The back comes with a 33-foot flexible IEEE 1394 cable for studio operation and an optional portable battery pack with storage data available for on location work (without direct computer access). The Light Phase retails for $22,900.

Phase One plans to join the ultra-high resolution digital camera club by adding a 16-megapixel back to its line this summer. The new LightPhase H20 will employ Eastman Kodak's 4020x4020 pixel CCD imaging sensor and be capable of outputting a 48MB, 24-bit RGB file in 48-bit format.

Sinar Bron Imaging
Sinar Bron, with more than half a century of experience in the conventional professional camera market, and according to the company "more than a decade of research into digital capture" recently offmera to a portable Macintosh PowerBook by accepting the Sinar's fiber-oered mobility to Sinarback users. Sinar Unplugged provides an interface from the captic PCI card and converting its signal directly for the PCMCIA interface of the latest generation of Mac 3 PowerBooks.

The Sinarback is a digital studio back that features both one-shot and four-shot capabilities in a single back. For anyone looking to start small and upgrade later, Sinar offers the Sinarback Light, a one-shot camera back upgradeable to four-shot capability. Both backs are available with either the Philips 2048x2048 or 3072x2048 pixel CCD. The back delivers 14-bit capture with a 12 stop dynamic range.

Sinar also offers photographers the option of adding a Macroscan adapter to the Sinarback (22+ and 23) for increased file size and an effective CCD imaging area of more than 18 million pixels. Because the Macroscan is not a line scanner, it is functional with any kind of lighting (flash, tungsten, HMI, or continuous).

I'd like to thank Richard Chang of MegaVision, Claude Jodoin of i2i Studio, Glenn Martin of Digital Outback, Michael Colette of Better Light Inc., Richard Lyon of Foveon, and Gary McGinnis of REALity Bytes for contributing to this article.

Manufacturers/Distributors

Altamira Group
(800) 913-3391
fax: (818) 556-3365
www.altamira-group.com

Better Light Inc.
(650) 631-3680
fax: (650) 631-2915
www.betterlight.com

Foveon Inc.
(408) 350-5100
fax: (408) 350-5202
www.foveon.net

Fuji Photo Film U.S.A. Inc.
555 Taxter Rd.
Elmsford, NY 10523
(914) 789-8100
www.fujifilm.com

Imacon, Inc.
(888) 462-2668
(510) 651-2000
fax: (510) 445-3988
www.imacon-usa.com

Jenoptik Laser
08165/77-247
fax: 08165/77-503
www.eyelike.com

Jobo Fototechnic Inc.
(734) 677-6989
fax: (734) 677-6963
www.jobo-usa.com

Leaf America
(800) 4US-LEAF
fax: (914) 347-1812
www.leafamerica.com

MegaVision
(805) 964-1400
fax: (805) 683-6690
www.mega-vision.com

Nikon
(631) 547-8500
fax: (631) 547-8518
www.nikonusa.com

PhaseOne
(631) 757-0400
fax: (631) 757-2217
www.phaseone.com

Sinar Bron
(908) 754-5800
fax: (908) 754-5807
www.sironbron.com